\r\n Animal nutrition entails the study of the composition and characteristics of the material consumed by the animal, the manner in which this material is metabolised (converted, utilised, and excreted) in the digestive tract and body cells of monogastric animals (pigs, broilers, layers), ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats), and lower digestive tract fermenters (horses, ostriches). The nutrient requirements of different species animals for various production functions are also addressed. Finally, this information is integrated in an economically feasible and practical system of animal nutrition to ensure that the optimal genetic production potential of animals is achieved.

Food industry deals with highly sensitive products. This being the primary reason, maintaining quality standards and adhering to quality requirements are imperative for players in the food industry. Food quality is the quality characteristics of food that is acceptable to consumers. This includes external factors as appearance, texture, and flavour; factors such as federal grade standards and internal. Quality control (QC) is a reactive process and aims to identify and rectify the defects in finished products.

Flavour chemistry is a scientific discipline that is used to determine the individual compounds that are responsible for the characteristic flavour found in foods and beverages. Flavour chemistry can be used to identify both positive and negative compounds associated with specific sensory attributes. Using multivariate statistical techniques, flavour chemistry can also be linked with descriptive sensory evaluation to identify the compounds directly responsible for sensory perception. The more information available on a product, the better likelihood that key relationships that directly and indirectly impact on the formation of key flavour compounds can be explained. 

A nutraceutical is a food or food component that petition to have health benefits, including treatment and prevention of disease. Nutraceuticals are those products apart from nutrition they are also used as medicine. A nutraceutical product may be defined as a constituent, which has physiological benefit and also provides protection against chronic disease. Nutraceuticals may be used to progress health, delay the aging process, preclude chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body. Nutritional supplements are any dietary supplement that is projected to provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in adequate quantities; for example, vitamins, minerals, proteins, amino acids or other nutritional substances. Products are usually ingested in the form of capsule, tablet or liquid.

Food and Agricultural Immunology present original immunological research with food, agricultural, environmental and veterinary applications. It discusses an understanding of the interactions at the interface of the food and immune systems including studies on development of diagnostic systems - all types of ligand based assays, such as antibody and aptmer.

Food waste or food loss is food that is thrown away or lost uneaten. The reasons of food waste or loss are several and occur at the stages of producing, processing, retailing and consuming. In the most recent years, food waste has become a multifaceted phenomenon attracting the attention of scientists, consumers and activists alike. It’s been termed as a global paradox regarding the method in which importance is put on agriculture to advance food security and then a third of all the food produced ends up as waste.

As the financial prudence of many countries are increasing, the customers have started using processed food more than the staples. As a matter of fact world-wide food processing technology business has extended to multi trillion dollars. It was reported that around, 16 million people work in the food industry. Recent improvements in food processing and technology are not only important to meet the increasing productivity demands but to adopt erudite automation, control and monitoring methods and techniques.

Food technology is one of the subsidiaries of food science which deals with the production procedures that make foods.  It is a science which covenants with the methods and principles involved in processing and preserving the food substances. The study of food technology is to advance new methods and systems for keeping food products safe and unaffected from natural harms such as bacteria and other micro-organisms.

The goal of food packaging is to safeguard the packed products and preserve their freshness. Food packaging is a synchronized system of formulating food for transport, distribution, storage, retailing, and finally to fulfil the desires of consumer at an appropriate cost.  As per World Packaging Organization more than 25% of food gets ruined due to poor and corrupt packaging. Thus the ideal packaging can diminish the large amount of food waste. Food packaging maintains food nutrition, swift and constant distribution of food among the value chain and decreases post-harvest losses.

Food safety refers to controlling the presence of those hazards whether chronic or acute, that may make food harmful to the health of the consumer. Food safety is about producing, handling, storing and preparing food in such a way as to preclude infection and contamination in the food production chain, and to help ensure that food quality and goodness are sustained to stimulate good health. Food hygiene is the conditions and measures necessary to certify the safety of food from production to consumption. Lack of adequate food hygiene can lead to foodborne diseases and can cause the death of the consumer. The objective of food hygiene is to make and deliver safe food and consequently contribute to a healthy and productive society.

Food preservation is well-known as the science which deals with the process of prevention of spoilage of food thus permitting it to be stored in a fit condition for future use. Preservation safeguards that the quality, edibility and the nutritive value of the food remains undamaged. Preservation implicates avoiding the growth of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms as well as retarding oxidation of fats to reduce rancidity. The procedure also guarantees that there is no discolouration or aging and also involves sealing to prevent re-entry of microbes. Basically food preservation ensures that food remains in a state where it is not contaminated by pathogenic organisms or chemicals and does not lose optimum qualities of colour, texture, flavour and nutritive value.

Food Biotechnology is concentrated on evolving developments and solicitations of modern genetics, enzymatic, metabolic and systems-based biochemical processes in food and food-related biological systems. The objective is to aid produce and improve foods, food ingredients, and functional foods at the processing stage and beyond agricultural production, genetically modified plants are used to develop taste, shell life, nutrition and quality of food, genetically modified food is manufactured using biotechnological tools.

Nutrition is the science that deals with the interaction of nutrients and other materials in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It consists of food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion. The active management of food intake and nutrition are both key to good well-beings. Smart nutrition and food choices can help avoid disease. Eating the right foods can help your body deal with more successfully with an on-going illness. Understanding good nutrition and disbursing attention to what you eat can help you maintain or improve your health.

Food microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms that is used both in food and for the food production. This includes those microorganisms that contaminate food, as well as those which are used in its production; for example production of yoghurt, cheese, beer and wine. It is the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food, including the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage, pathogens that may cause disease especially if food is improperly cooked or stored; they are used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine, and those with other useful roles such as manufacturing of probiotics.

Dairy Technology deals with processing of milk and milk product. Dairy technology is a branch of engineering that is concern with the processing of milk and its products. Dairy technology study involves processing, storage, packaging, distribution and transportation of dairy products by entailing the science of bacteriology, nutrition and biochemistry.

Food engineering is an interdisciplinary ground which associates microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering for food and associated productions. It also includes the application of agricultural, mechanical and chemical engineering principles to food materials. Food processing is the conversion of agricultural products into food or of one form of food into other forms. Food processing comprises various forms of processing foods, from grinding grain to make raw flour to home cooking to complex industrial methods used to make convenience foods.

The agri-food sector is the process of food production and distribution, and contains a enormous range of roles from farming to the point of eating. Agricultural technology, or agri-tech, is specifically about emerging new technologies to expand food production. The main objective of  agri-tech is reducing the impact of farming on the environment, but it can also increase productivity, profit, or health and safety.